Ethical And Ethical Challenges Of Organizations - 1536 Words

â€Å"A major problem we identify in business is that organisations are designed as profit making mechanisms and have no interest in the good of society† (Bartlett Preston, 2000). Companies always want to have an ethical advantage over other companies but only for the profit. With globalisation and technological advances, it can put a stress on some companies as they always need profit and market share to be successful and grow. â€Å"Individual managers (tone at the top) play an essential role making sure (that unethical behaviour) doesn t happen,† (Heskett, 2011). Companies rely on their top managers to make these hard decisions about ethics. Though the company had these values and views it is the managers who make the decision for the business. Hence companies in a competitive environment will not always be ethical. (Angelo Kinicki, 2015) There are four approaches to deciding ethical dilemmas; utilitarian approach is guided by what will result in the greatest good for the greatest number of people. The individual approach is guided by what will result in the individual’s best long term interests. The moral-right approach is guided by respect for the fundamental rights of human beings. Last the justice approach is guided by respect for impartial standards of fairness and equity. These approaches can be used by companies. They can help and provide guidelines for companies when faced with ethical dilemmas, this provides an alternative method. Ethical dilemmas often occur becauseShow MoreRelatedEthical Challenges in Business Organization (Maybank)5985 Words   |  24 PagesEconomics and Management Sciences Department of Business Administration Business Ethics MGT 3020 Dr. Naail Mohammed Kamil Ethical Challenges in Business Organization: A Study of Maybank Investment Bank Group Members: Atiqah Bt Dalik 1223400 Aida Abidah Bt Anuar 1220954 Alya Maisarah Bt Zainal 1228000 Nor Amira Suhada Bt Othman 1224892 Ethical Challenges in Business Organization: A Study of Maybank Investment Bank Atiqah Bt Dalik(1), Aida Abidah Bt Anuar(2), Alya Maisara Bt Zainal(3), Nor AmiraRead MoreEthical Leadership And Ethical Decision Making Are A Challenge For Any Organization Or Institution Essay6614 Words   |  27 Pages ED.D Organization Leadership Doctoral Qualifying Examination Student Examination ID Number QOL002 â€Æ' A. Ethical leadership and ethical decision making are a challenge for any organization or institution. Within your professional area/industry, analyze how and why ethical practices and behaviors are critical to your discipline and to the success of organizations. Justify your response in detail with three examples of current ethical practices and discuss the key theoretical conceptsRead MoreThe Ethical And Legal Challenges Of Mattel, Inc. Organization1805 Words   |  8 Pagesvirtues chosen as it relates to the ethical and legal challenges to the Mattel, Inc. organization. In addition, this paper will provide three examples of virtue ethics: courage, humility, and. Each will be described on how the virtues selected might have been used to more appropriately guide the actions, behaviors, and/or policies of the Mattel Company. Organizations who want to be successful must commit to finding leaders who are willing to exemplify ethical behaviors and promoting virtue inRead MoreImportance Of Business Ethics On Previous And Current Literature Essay1459 Words   |  6 Pagesbeing used, sensitivity of questions asked, content and length, method of administering, and sufficient response rate. In this type of research, business ethics research, the researchers are striving to obtain quantitative data or the frequency of ethical attitudes, behaviors, and experiences among the sample population (Rowley, 2014). There are several advantages and disadvantages to questionnaires. The advantages of using a questionnaire for research include standardized data collection, low costRead MoreEthical Issues Within The Field Of Human Resources1657 Words   |  7 PagesOrganizations are increasingly facing problems with ethical issues in the field of human resources. Among the biggest ethical concerns businesses faced are th e quality of work life, diversity at the workplace, worth of an individual, impartiality of human resources managers, and fair remuneration of employees. These issues present challenges mainly due to attaining a balance between the interest of the organization and requirements of employees. Ranking them based on effect on productivity and organizationalRead MoreEssay on Uop Ethics/316 Week 5 Cross Cultural Perspectives1340 Words   |  6 Pagesto similar ethical scenarios. Beekum, Stedam, and Yamamura (2003) suggest these differing conclusions will lead to conflict where one side perceives the outcome is ethical whereas the other does not. Another possible outcome is that one side may not even see a decision even being morally significant. Global organizations have the additional challenge when operating within a multi-national environment of recognizing cultural differences while maintaining a core moral and ethical foundation. Read MoreCultural Values and Personal Ethics Pa per1583 Words   |  7 Pagesvalues are in disagreement, an ethical dilemma occurs. This article attempts to explain how personal, cultural, and organizational values play significant parts in decision-making. In addition, the foundation of ethical dilemmas can often be traced to conflicting values. This paper will also briefly discuss how ethical dilemmas can be mitigated. A practical approach for understanding how ethical dilemmas occur, how dilemmas can be prevented, and how to make ethical decisions can best be done byRead MoreThe Ethics Of Public Health Essay1123 Words   |  5 Pagesof our role have special responsibilities for ethical conduct and ethical practices that go beyond meeting minimum legal and regulatory standards.† – American Public Health Association adopted a code of ethics developed by the Public Health Leadership Society. †¢ APHA’s code of Ethics identifies: o Values and beliefs that are key assumptions underlying a public health perspective of health, community, and bases for action o Principles of the ethical practice of public health based on these explicitRead MoreEthical Issues Of The Healthcare Essay756 Words   |  4 PagesEthical Systems in Healthcare Ethical Issues in Healthcare â€Å"If you don’t have integrity, you have nothing. You can’t buy it. You can have all the money in the world, but if you are not a moral and ethical person, you really have nothing†. –Henry Kravis - The American healthcare system delivers some of the finest care in the world. However, despite the high level of achievement delivered from the American healthcare system, it is afflicted with problems. Ethical issues that occur in the healthcareRead MorePersonal Model of Ethical Leadership1303 Words   |  5 PagesPersonal Model of Ethical Leadership Personal Model of Ethical Leadership: Ethical leadership is an important aspect that should be practiced by all individuals in leadership positions despite of whether the leadership is intentional or unintentional, or formal or informal. However, practicing ethical leadership is difficult in some cases, especially when there are tough decisions to be made while the appropriate choice is unpleasant though its clear. Notably, ethical leadership is quite important

Value Chain as Competitive Advantage - 1024 Words

Value Chain as Competitive Advantage Unit 3 Assignment Bobby Young-Mentgen GB570 Managing the Value Chain Pricilla Aaltonen Kaplan University September 25, 2012 Value Chain as Competitive Advantage Customer-centric businesses focus on consistently delivering a differentiated experience designed to satisfy the customer. The ultimate goal is to sustain competitive advantage in the marketplace. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate why an effective value chain creates competitive advantage. Review of Concepts Value Chain The value chain is a concept developed by recognized Harvard business management expert Michael Porter in his book Competitive Advantage (1985). It breaks up the various elements of producing and†¦show more content†¦The key success of the company focused upon value elements of low costs, low prices, and the business innovation of the firm. IKEA’s desire was and is to convey to the customer that the function of its business is to create value, not use it. Successful linkage of IKEAs value chain activities served as a framework for developing customer delight, thus creating a sustainable competitive advantage (Guy 2011). Hewlett Packard integrates the inbound and outbound logistics, operation and service, marketing and sales, and a series of supporting activities as its main competitive advantages and cooperates with partners in a value delivery model, which not only maximizes its own profit but also benefits its customers and partners. HP successfully discovers its value proposition and continues developing and reinforcing its value production and coordination. By the establishment of alliances, using of product platform, continuous concentrate in service improvement, Ramp;D and brand building, HP has successfully delivered values to meet customers’ and other stakeholders’ expectations creating a sustainable competitive advantage (Zhang 2010). Example of Unsuccessful Company Mitsubishi in Australia is an example of an unsuccessful company. By the time Ford strategized industry drivers necessary for success, it was too late (Walters, 2007). Conclusion TheShow MoreRelatedValue Chain Competitive Advantage1627 Words   |  7 PagesValue Chain as Competitive Advantage Unit 3 Assignment Katherine Moore GB570 Managing the Value Chain Jerry Haenisch, PhD. Kaplan University December 27, 2012 Value Chain as Competitive Advantage Industries have in the earlier years concentrated on enhancing the supply chain activities in search of creating value. Nonetheless, optimizing these activities, only can lead to operative proficiency and not structural effectiveness. Contritely, when an organization, focus on growingRead MoreValue Chain : Competitive Advantage1444 Words   |  6 PagesValue Chain as Competitive Advantage If a firm sustain profits that exceed the industry average, said firm is said to have a competitive advantage. The goal of any given business strategy is to achieve a competitive advantage. Moreover, the goal of a successful business strategy is a sustainable competitive advantage. The question is how does a firm create that competitive advantage? According to Michael Porter, to achieve a competitive advantage, a firm must perform one or more value creating activitiesRead MoreValue Chain : Competitive Advantage1492 Words   |  6 PagesValue Chain as Competitive Advantage The idea of a value chain was first proposed by Michael Porter (1985) who identified that the more value an organization creates, the more profitable it is likely to be. Porter describes the value chain as the internal processes or series of activities a company performs â€Å"to design, produce, market, deliver and support its product† (Porter, 1985). John Shank and V. Govindarajan (1993) describe the value chain in broader terms than does Porter, affirming â€Å"theRead MoreValue Chain : Competitive Advantage1300 Words   |  6 PagesValue Chain as Competitive Advantage If a firm sustain profits that exceed the industry average, said firm is said to have a competitive advantage. The goal of any given business strategy is to achieve a competitive advantage. Moreover, the goal of a successful business strategy is a sustainable competitive advantage. The question is how does a firm create that competitive advantage? According to Michael Porter, to achieve a competitive advantage, a firm must perform one or more value creating activitiesRead MoreValue Chain as Competitive Advantage1295 Words   |  6 PagesValue Chain as Competitive Advantage Unit 3 Assignment Christine Washington GB570 Managing the Value Chain Jerry Haenisch, Professor Kaplan University November 12, 2012 Value Chain as Competitive Advantage Effective value chain as a competitive advantage can contribute significantly to the prosperity of a firm in the competitive arena, but it can cause dire situations if not operated properly (Guy, 2011). However, there are conflicts among companies as to how stakeholders think theyRead MoreValue Chain for Competitive Advantage6510 Words   |  27 PagesCorporate and operational managers strive to create more value by optimizing the supply-chain activities. Optimization of supply chain activities means competition from other firms, primarily on cost-efficiency. However, optimization of supply chain activities alone cannot always yield a source of competitive advantage. This is for the simple reason that value chain not only seeks to do away with the activities that do not add value, but establishes the importance of other support activities, includingRead MoreCompetitive Advantage And The Value Chain1400 Words   |  6 Pages Competitive Advantage and the Value Chain Unit 3 Assignment Trecia Grimes Kaplan University GB570: Managing the Value Chain Dr. Rita Gunzelman September 25, 2017 â€Æ' Corporate Social Responsibility and the Value Chain It is difficult for an organization to remain competitive in today’s market without taking Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) into consideration. In today’s market consumers are more aware of how businesses develop their products and service. A few major concerns for consumersRead MoreDell Competitive Advantage and Value Chain Analysis1544 Words   |  7 PagesStrategic Management: Dell Value Chain Activities Analysis INTRODUCTION According to Porter the value chain is defined as the complete flow of products from the suppliers to the customers and management of the information flow in a way that maximizes the consumer satisfaction with the increase in the profit margins of the company.(ivythesis,2009) Dell’s value chain is one of a kind, they outsource all there components across the world and then assemble and sells it directly to the customers. DellRead MoreCompetitive Advantage Through Value Chain And Vertical Integration1072 Words   |  5 Pageswhat are they doing to maintain competitive advantage? Rise of technology has given birth to competition by giving companies new ways to perform at higher levels and this has also led to the ways companies are producing their products and services. Technology has affected several sections of an organization by having an impact on business communications, company’s HR practices, and organizational changes. Therefore, in order to gain and maintain competitive advantage, a company must do one of the two;Read MoreUsing Porter’s Value Chain Framework, Explain How Technology Can Help an Organisation to Gain a Competitive Advantage1967 Words   |  8 PagesIn order to analyse the various types of activities which would help in the creation of competitive advantage he use of Porter’s Value Chain Analysis are done. The value chain analysis will help in order to perform two main activities such as primary support activities. The primary activities in the value chain analysis takes into consideration inbound and outbound logistics, marketing and sales after sales service. Whereas the support activities takes into consideration, procurement of raw materials

Emergence of Malls in India Free Essays

Malls as we understand, is a form of organized retailing. They lend an ideal shopping experience with an amalgamation of product, service and entertainment, all under a common roof. Before going into the details of emergence of malls, let’s see how the Indian retail sector has evolved over the years and how the concepts of malls came into being. We will write a custom essay sample on Emergence of Malls in India or any similar topic only for you Order Now The era of rural retail industry could be categorized into two formats:  weekly markets  and  village fairs. Primarily, weekly formats catered to the daily necessities of villagers. Village fairs were larger in size with a wide variety of goods sold from food, clothing, cosmetics and small consumer durables. The traditional era saw the emergence of the neighborhood ‘Kirana’ store to cater to the convenience of the Indian consumers. The era of government support saw indigenous franchise model of store chains run by Khadi ; Village Industries Commission. The KVIC has a countrywide chain of 7000 plus stores in India. This period also witnessed the emergence of shopping centers with car parking facility. The modern era has a host of small and large formats with exclusive outlets showcasing a complete range of products. The department stores and shopping malls targeting to provide a complete destination experience for all segments of the society. The hyper and super markets are consistently trying to provide the customer with the 3 Vs (Value, Variety ; Volume). Over the last three years, this sector has witnessed an exorbitant growth due to the establishment of numerous international quality formats to suit the Indian purchase behavior, the improvement in retail processes, the development of retail specific properties and the emergence of both domestic and international organizations has witnessed the emergence of malls. it is not just the north of the country that is seeing a furious construction of malls. Visakhapatnam, a fast-growing city in the southern state of Andhra Pradesh, is witnessing a huge demand for shopping malls. The biggest of them, CMR Shopping Mall, occupies 60,000 square feet over five floors. The throngs of buyers who visit the mall are working class and office employees of the numerous public and private sector outfits that are based in Visakhapatnam. Similarly, Ahmedabad in western India is slowly becoming a magnet for shopping malls. More than half a dozen malls have sprung up in Ahmedabad, known as a fading city of dying textile mills until a few years back. The biggest of them, aptly called Super Mall, occupies a gargantuan 90,000 square feet and has 200 shops in its folds. But the biggest mall-construction activity in India is taking place, as expected, in Mumbai, the country’s financial and business capital. In all, 25 malls are under construction, each measuring anything between 90,000 and 600,000 square feet. A hefty Rs. 4 billion (US $87 million) is being pumped into these projects by 20 investors. About a dozen malls are already up and running in the up-market south side of the city, as well as the downmarket distant suburbs. Making the job easier for the anchors is a gradual change in the Indian economy from a socialistic to a capitalistic one. This has led to a rise in the numbers of middle-class consumers, their wallets stuffed with more disposable income. According to one estimate, over the past three years, consumer spending has increased at a respectable rate of 12% per annum. Another reason for the ongoing boom in mall activity is the opportunity to retailers for a greater accessibility to real estate at affordable prices. Part of this is due to easier availability of bank and institutional finance. And in places such as Mumbai, the freeing up of much-needed real estate. This has happened with the many closed textile mills in the central part of the city now being allowed to exploit their real estate for other commercial purposes. Investors are attracted by the 14% returns in the malls business, compared to 11% in the office segment and 6% in the residential segment. For the young crowd, malls have become areas in which to â€Å"hang out†, to catch up with friends in stores like Cafe Coffee Day and Barista, each vying to be the Starbucks of India. There’s also an entertainment factor, with more and more of the youngsters beginning to see shopping as an enjoyable thing to pass the time. How to cite Emergence of Malls in India, Papers

Ethics in Accounting and Reliability

Question: Discuss about the Ethics in Accounting and Reliability. Answer: Introduction Financial failure of a corporation does not affect only its shareholders but the entire economy. The stakeholders other than the owners such as lenders, suppliers, government, society, and the environment are affected adversely at large by the failure of a company. Thus, it becomes crucial to analyze and evaluate the default risk of the firms and take corrective measures timely so that the situation of financial distress could be avoided. In this regards, the analysis of financial statements has been referred to as the essential tool. The analysts have been using financial statements to analyze the default risk of the firm since long (Otalor and Eiya, 2013). However, in the recent years, the discloser of many corporate scandals such as Enron (2001), WorldCom (2002), and the recently one of Wells Fargo (2015), has put the reliability of the financial statements into a questionable situation (Accounting-degree, 2017). The discloser of these scandals reveals that evaluation of the defau lt (bankruptcy) risk through analysis of the financial statements may not reliable. Therefore, there arises a need to perform alternative procedures to measure the default risk of the firms. In this context, the essay presented here analyzes the thesis that, Whether the analysis of financial statements to evaluate the default (bankruptcy) risk is appropriate or not. The default or bankruptcy risk is the risk that the firm may not be able to meet its debt commitments on time leading to insolvency. The insolvency of the firm means end of the business operations of the firm. When the firms debt rises so high that its assets are not able to cover it up, the situation of bankruptcy arises. The firm goes into liquidation after being declared insolvent and sells its assets to pay the debt lenders and creditors. This process brings the entity to an end. Reliability of the Financial Statements in Measuring the Default Risk The information presented in the financial statements is used to analyze the financial performance and financial health of the firm. In measuring the default risk, one requires to closely analyze the debt position of the firm. For the purpose of analyzing, the debt position of the firm, the information pertaining to long term debt, interest expense, supplier dues, total assets, equity, and profitability is important (Lucic, 2014). The information in relation to these items can be extracted from the financial statements of the firm which majorly comprises the statement of income, balance sheet, and the statement of cash flows. However, the information presented in the financial statements is based on the historical data. Thus, the analysis of financial statements provides view of the historical and current financial performance and position of the firm. The analysis of historical trend and the current conditions in regard to financial performance is crucial to measure the default risk (Lucic, 2014). Thus, it could be inferred that the analysis of the financial statements is necessary to assess the default risk and predict the future performance. However, the reliability of the information presented within the financial statements becomes a measure issue in this regard. As has been observed in the many cases of corporate scandals, the financial statements were manipulated (Abdullah, Almsafir, Al-Smadi, 2015). The information presented in the financial statements of Enron was misleading. Further, the accountants also played with the ethical standards in certifying the fake accounts of Enron. The management presented manipulated information in regard to financial performance and position of the company, which laid wrong evaluation of the bankruptcy risk. According to the views of the analysts, the company was financially sound and well versed immediately before being declared involvement (Li, 2010). Kindly refer to the chart given below: A big deviation in the value of assets and revenues could be observed before and after declaration of insolvency. The total assets were $65.50 billion in 2000 that is before declaration of insolvency which dropped significantly to $47.30 billion in 2001 after declaration of insolvency. Further, the revenues dropped from $100.60 billion to $-0.60 billion (Li, 2010). This shows that the company reported fake revenues and assets in the financial statements. The use these fake figures in assessing the default or bankruptcy risk can present only deceptive picture resulting into an inappropriate analysis. Thus, it could be inferred that in order to assess the risk of bankruptcy of the firm, the analysts need to opt for additional measures apart from the analysis of financial statements. The analysis of financial statements alone may not be sufficient to uncover all the aspect related to bankruptcy risk (Li, 2010). Need for Other Approaches to Measure Default Risk It has been observed that the financial statements may not present the true picture of the business of firm. The financial statements may be misleading in certain cases leading to wrong evaluation of the default risk. Thus, it is quite necessary that the analysts use other approaches along with the analysis of the financial statements (Altman and Hotchkiss, 2010). The use of only the financial statements analysis in assessing the default or bankruptcy risk will not be sufficient. Therefore, the analysis of financial statements should be supported by the analysis of other reports, documents, and processes of the firm. In the recent years, there have been observed common trend in the financial market in regard to use of reports of independent body on the borrowing firms financial worth. Further, the lenders also require reports of credit rating agencies to ensure that the borrowing firms are financially capable to pay back the debt (Altman and Hotchkiss, 2010). Further, the other approaches which may involve evaluation of corporate governance of the company and the stewardship of the directors. The lenders are putting much emphasis on the compliance with the corporate governance aspects in considering the lending decisions (Wang and Lin, 2010). In order to control and reduce the risk of default, it is important for every organization to maintain stringent corporate governance environment. The regulators around the world are also taking measures to make the corporate governance a crucial part of the organizations operations. Further, the companies are also required to prepare and submit to the regulators the report on compliance with the corporate governance rules and regulations. The analysis of corporate governance report also plays an important role in assessing the creditworthiness of the borrowers and evaluating the default risk (Wang and Lin, 2010). Conclusion The discussion in this essay resolves around the issues that whether the financial statement analysis is a reliable approach to measure the default or bankruptcy risk and whether is it needed to adopt other approaches to analyze the default risk. From the discussion in this essay, it can be concluded that the assessment of default risk based on the analysis of financial statements alone could be misleading. Therefore, there is a need to adopt other approaches so as to make the assessment of default risk more meaningful and effective. From the revelations of many corporate scandals, it has been observed that the financial statements of the firms may be manipulated and thus, the assessment of default risk based on the manipulated financial statements would be inappropriate. References Abdullah, Z., Almsafir, M.K., Al-Smadi, A.A. 2015. Transparency and Reliability in Financial Statement: Do They Exist? Evidence from Malaysia. Open Journal of Accounting, 2015(4), pp. 29-43. Accounting-degree. 2017. Top 10 Accounting scandals of all times. [Online]. Available at: https://www.accounting-degree.org/scandals/ [Accessed on: 15 March 2017]. Altman, E.I. and Hotchkiss, E. 2010. Corporate Financial Distress and Bankruptcy: Predict and Avoid Bankruptcy, Analyze and Invest in Distressed Debt. John Wiley Sons. Lemus, E. 2014. The Financial Collapse of the Enron Corporation and Its Impact in the United States Capital Market. Global Journal of Management and Business Research: D Accounting and Auditing, XIV(IV), pp. 1-50. Li, Y. 2010. The Case Analysis of the Scandal of Enron. International Journal of Business and Management, 5(10), pp. 37-41. Lucic, L. 2014. Financial ratios in the function of business risk assessment. Online Journal of Applied Knowledge Management, 2(3), pp. 21-34. Otalor, J.I. and Eiya, O. 2013. Ethics in Accounting and the Reliability of Financial Information. European Journal of Business and Management, 5(13), pp. 73-81. Wang, C.J. and Lin, J.R. 2010. Corporate Governance and Risk of Default. International Review of Accounting, Banking, and Finance, 2(3), pp. 1-27.

Watergate Essays (934 words) - Watergate Scandal,

Watergate Watergate, designation of a major U.S. political scandal that began with the burglary and wiretapping of the Democratic party's campaign headquarters, later engulfed President Richard M. Nixon and many of his supporters in a variety of illegal acts, and culminated in the first resignation of a U.S. president. The burglary was committed on June 17, 1972, by five men who were caught in the offices of the Democratic National Committee at the Watergate apartment and office complex in Washington, D.C. Their arrest eventually uncovered a White House-sponsored plan of espionage against political opponents and a trail of complicity that led to many of the highest officials in the land, including former U.S. Attorney General John Mitchell, White House Counsel John Dean, White House Chief of Staff H. R. Haldeman, White House Special Assistant on Domestic Affairs John Ehrlichman, and President Nixon himself. On April 30, 1973, nearly a year after the burglary and arrest and following a grand jury investigation of the burglary, Nixon accepted the resignation of Haldeman and Ehrlichman and announced the dismissal of Dean. U.S. Attorney General Richard Kleindienst resigned as well. The new attorney general, Elliot Richardson, appointed a special prosecutor, Harvard Law School professor Archibald Cox, to conduct a full-scale investigation of the Watergate break-in. In May 1973 the Senate Select Committee on Presidential Activities opened hearings, with Senator Sam Ervin of North Carolina as chairman. A series of startling revelations followed. Dean testified that Mitchell had ordered the break-in and that a major attempt was under way to hide White House involvement. He claimed that the president had authorized payments to the burglars to keep them quiet. The Nixon administration vehemently denied this assertion. The White House Tapes The testimony of White House aide Alexander Butterfield unlocked the entire investigation. On July 16, 1973, Butterfield told the committee, on nationwide television, that Nixon had ordered a taping system installed in the White House to automatically record all conversations; what the president said and when he said it could be verified. Cox immediately subpoenaed eight relevant tapes to confirm Dean's testimony. Nixon refused to release the tapes, claiming they were vital to the national security. U.S. District Court Judge John Sirica ruled that Nixon must give the tapes to Cox, and an appeals court upheld the decision. Nixon held firm. He refused to turn over the tapes and, on Saturday, October 20, 1973, ordered Richardson to dismiss Cox. Richardson refused and resigned instead, as did Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus. Finally, the solicitor general discharged Cox. A storm of public protest resulted from this ?Saturday night massacre.? In response, Nixon appointed another special prosecutor, Leon Jaworski, a Texas lawyer, and gave the tapes to Sirica. Some subpoenaed conversations were missing, and one tape had a mysterious gap of 181 minutes. Experts determined that the gap was the result of five separate erasures. In March 1974 a grand jury indicted Mitchell, Haldeman, Ehrlichman, and four other White House officials for their part in the Watergate cover-up and named Nixon as an ?unindicted co-conspirator.? The following month Jaworski requested and Nixon released written transcripts of 42 more tapes. The conversations revealed an overwhelming concern with punishing political opponents and thwarting the Watergate investigation. In May 1974 Jaworski requested 64 more tapes as evidence in the criminal cases against the indicted officials. Nixon refused; on July 24, the Supreme Court voted 8-0 that Nixon must turn over the tapes. On July 29-30, 1974, the House Judiciary Committee approved three articles of impeachment, charging Nixon with misusing his power in order to violate the constitutional rights of U.S. citizens, obstructing justice in the Watergate affair, and defying Judiciary Committee subpoenas. Further Revelations Soon after the Watergate scandal came to light, investigators uncovered a related group of illegal activities: Since 1971 a White House group called the ?plumbers? had been doing whatever was necessary to stop leaks to the press. A grand jury indicted Ehrlichman, White House Special Counsel Charles Colson, and others for organizing a break-in and burglary in 1971 of a psychiatrist's office to obtain damaging material against Daniel Ellsberg, who had publicized classified documents called the Pentagon Papers. Investigators also discovered that the Nixon administration had solicited large sums of money in illegal campaign contributions?used to finance political espionage and to pay more than $500,000 to the Watergate burglars?and that certain administration officials had systematically lied about their involvement in the break-in and cover-up. In addition, White House aides testified that in 1972 they had falsified documents to make it appear that President John F. Kennedy had

Whale Rider Chapter Questions Essay Example

Whale Rider Chapter Questions Essay Example Whale Rider Chapter Questions Paper Whale Rider Chapter Questions Paper Chapter 1 begins in myth, and myths explain what was once unexplainable to a people. What does the myth of the whale rider explain to the Maori people? 2. Chapter 2 gives us the point of view of the whales. The bull whale remembers his master, the golden man.    Do you think that the whale is as old as the myth, or do you think that the whale draws on the collective memory of his culture? Or, do you have another idea? Give your answer with reasons. 3. Chapter 3 is about the birth of Kahu. Why is Koro upset that Kahu is a girl? 4. What is the controversy about Kahus name? . What could be the significance of the whale sounding when Nanny, Rawiri and the boys bury Kahus birth cord? 6. How is Kahu different from typical babies in Chapter 4? 7. The first part of the novel is titled Spring: The Force of Destiny.    Explain why this appropriate in terms of archetypes. 8. Chapter 5 starts a new section of the novel, Summer: Halycons Flight. What does this foreshadow? 9. What does it mean when Kahu bites Koros toe? 10. What are the tests for Maori leadership? Chapters 7-12 1. Why does Koro not like to be called  Paka? 2. Discuss the idea of  interlock. 3. Which character fits the archetype of the  Earth Mother  and why? 4. Which character seems to Kahus mentor? 5. Explain the wisdom of the traditional Maori fishing style. 6. How does Kahus relationship with the whales show itself? 7. What could have caused the flash of bright light and radioactive seas that caused the Whales to flee their traditional waters in chapter 9? The approximate time period in human terms was WWII, 1946youll probably have to do a little research for this one. 8. Why does Rawiri go to Australia? 9. What does Rawiri learn of the perception of Maori by the plantation owners in Papua New Guinea? 0. Discuss Kahus trials and how she becomes stronger throughout the novel. Chapters 13-18 1. Why does Koro toss the stone into the ocean? What is it supposed to synbolize? 2. Why does Nanny Flowers not want Rawiri to tell Koro about Kahu finding the stone? 3. Why does the herd follow the delusional bull whale in chapter 14? How is this a parallel to what we see happeni ng in the novel (think of Koros stubborn leadership). 4. Why do you think that the whales have beached themselves? 5. What does the Human butchery show about the general regard of the whales? What do the actions of the ones who try to save the whales show about themselves? 6. How does the beaching of the whales in Whangara differ from the beaching of the whales Wainui Beach? Why is the second beaching much more of a spiritual battle than a physical one, or is it? 7. Why is it Rawiri that plunges into the ocean to try to save Kahu and not Pourouangi? How does this fit the archetype of the mentor? 8. Why does Kahu go to the whale in the first place? 9. Why is  Kahu not afraid to die? 10. When does Koro realize that he has  made a grave error in judgement? His reaction shows what about him?

Business Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Psychology - Essay Example It is imperative that one recognizes his need to get professional aid; only after such recognition can he truly accept his own condition, whereas a resolution to the problem might immediately be made. The approach of the consultant can greatly affect the connection between the patient and the doctor. Trust, as well as high opinion toward the counselor must be immediately established---and maintained. It can be concluded that the relationship lies on the hands of the expertise of the specialist. Psychologists are specialists in human behaviour, development and functioning. They have expertise in conducting research and applying research findings in order to reduce distress, address behaviour and psychological problems, and to promote mental health and rational behaviour in individuals and groups. In the provision of mental health services (either public or private) psychologists vary in terms of the services they provide, their level and type of postgraduate training, and also their degree of clinical experience and/or specialisation. Becoming a registered psychologist requires 4 years undergraduate study, followed by either 2 years of supervised experience with a registered psychologist or completion of a postgraduate clinical masters or doctoral degree in clinical psychology. Clinical psychologists (i.e. those who have completed the postgraduate clinical qualifications) also have to spend some time working under the supervision of another clinical psychologist. In order to practice, all psychologists must be registered with the Psychologist Registration Board in their state or territory. Furthermore, the Australian Psychological Society (APS) is the national professional body for psychologists. Membership of this society ensures a high level of professional and educational competency. The APS also provides a

The Anthropological view of Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Anthropological view of Religion - Essay Example For example, when an individual is terminally ill, religions perform established practices where they often utter secret words to get rid of the sickness. This is said to be a means which religions resort to in order to meet psychological needs such as alleviating anxiety. Symbolism is another important element in religions because they are used to explain thee intangible such as love, hope and joy or those which are important emphases in the religion. For the Christians, the bread and wine are examples of symbolism of the body and blood of Jesus. Lastly, ritual is done by the different religions to fulfill psychological and social needs just like how the Shamans represent the removal of a disease by taking a feather and acting like it has been taken from the sick person’s body. Religion is an interesting aspect of life because it does not only portray wisdom about observable things but also reflects on the things that are not observable. Indeed, the arguments of science are based from observable facts and could be easily understood. It could also be said that science can easily convince people to believe in it because the proofs can be seen. However, religion delves in to the matters which are difficult to explain and thus, difficult to understand. These things are considered difficult because in comparison to what science can explain through evidence, some of the beliefs in religions are explained through imperceptible thoughts and ideas. For example, a person is infected with a disease which science claims to be hereditary or could be due to environmental conditions. However, the patient is observed to have no familial history of the disease, has healthy eating habits, has a job which allows her to be physically active and lives in a rural area where the re is not much air, water and noise pollution. In other words, science cannot explain how the individual contracted the

Psychological Testing and Assessment Selection Paper Research

Psychological Testing and Assessment Selection - Research Paper Example An expectancy table provides an indication or prediction of the possibility that the scores of a person taking test will lie within interval on the measuring criterion that qualify categorization as failing, passing or acceptable. For instance, an expectancy table applied in experimental test on personnel in an employment setting may show that the higher the score of a worker on a new test is a prelude that the worker may be gain approval as successful. Commonly used expectancy tables include Naylor-Shine tables and Taylor-Russell tables (Cohen, Swerdlik & Sturman, 2013). Decision theory and test utility are another combination or resources that can help a counselor select a psychological test or assessment. Decision theory provides guidelines for setting cutoff point for particular scores recorded from tests. Another tool that counselors can use in selecting a psychological test or assessment is the Brogden-Cronbach-Glaser formula (Ployhart & MacKenzie, 2011). This is mostly useful in calculating the amount of dollar of utility retrievable from the use of particular instrument selected under a given condition. A counselor selecting a psychological test for a client needs to consider the four issues that include difficult-index of an item, reliability and validity indices of items and discrimination index. To determine an item’s difficulty index, one has to calculate the proportion of the number of test takers that answered an item in correct way. Usually, a lower case â€Å"p† helps in denoting item difficulty with subscript to show an item’s number. Cohen, Swerdlik and Sturman (2013) educate that the value of item index can range from zero incase everyone failed the item and one incase everyone passed the item. The larger the item difficulty index, the easier is the item, and the smaller the item difficulty index, the tougher the item. Easier items scored by all people and difficult items failed by all test takers are inappropriate

Artists Expressing Their Feelings Through Objects English Literature Essay

Artists Expressing Their Feelings Through Objects English Literature Essay Artists express their feelings and what is in their minds through objects. Further, objects may also be used to express artists spirit or religion or orientation they have on various issues existing in their environment. Basic idea behind objects is maintained by strong symbolism incident on objects. Most of the times when a piece of art is displayed, people focus on the meaning the object is projecting rather than the description and the accuracy of the object. It is symbolism that makes work produced by artists to be interpreted in many ways. Even if everybody looks at the same piece of work, they will have varying ideas in their minds. It is only the creator of the piece of art who has the ultimate meaning of it. It is the inventor who understands his or her invention better than any other person. This implies that a mere observer of a piece of art will always have a different idea about that piece of art. Often the understanding is shallow and devoid of depth in meaning. Sometime s it requires one to study the background of the artist in order to get insight and deeper understanding of his work. Some artist may tell orally or in writing the meaning behind their work. By doing so, they allow people to have a better view of their world of thought and what their work stands for or represents. However many symbolists do not do so. They leave their work of art open giving room to varying interpretations. Such open interpretation technique also applies in dreams. No one person can understand another persons dream. Just like a piece of art, building blocks of dreams are experiences, feelings and emotions that human go through when they are awake replayed in their state of sleep. Such experiences are not universal. They are unique and experienced at different times under different circumstances. It is the wearer of the shoe who knows where it pinches. Likewise it is the owner of the dream who knows its origin and probable implications in his or her life. Symbolists may also use a piece of art or a painting to express their emotions or feelings at a particular time. Art an expression of what one has seen, experienced, tasted and felt. It is important to note that artist do not exist in a vacuum. They live in spaces in the world where lives are shaped by what people go through. These experiences allocate deep meanings on a piece a carving, a sculpture or a painting. Over time, mood, maturity and circumstances of the artist May change. These changes will have an effect on interpretation of the piece of creation in general. It is not easy to comprehend what dreams are and why people dream. Existence of dreams and their meaning has been and continues to be a curious subject within the scientific community. Sigmund Freud work attempts to classify sub conscious mind into three parts. Id, ego and the superego. He asserts that these sections are the inner desires that constitutes and complete the dreaming process. In his work, he defines ego as that part of the brain that is responsible for self awareness. He explains that this sections aids functionality of individuals. This is because it is aware of senses and perceptions of the world and how the world works. On the other hand, he considers the Id as the section inhabited by desires that are more often primal and primitive. Such cravings according to Freud include uncontrolled pursuit of pleasure and sexual desires. Finally, the superego functions as a censor of the Id.It suppresses evil desires and acts that are considered immoral by the wider society. It also turns desires of the Id into symbolic images or figures inside dreams(Sigmund,pg 67). Incontestable fact is; materials that constitute a dream can be traced back to experience the dreamer has gone through. These materials are then remembered or reproduced in the dream. However, in making assumption that connection between reality and dream content is obvious deliberate and careful effort should be applied before lying claim that connection between the two exists. Certain peculiarities within the memory faculty have so far defied explanation. Being fully aware of such peculiarities will make it easy for dreams to be understood. In a dream context, certain materials exist and cannot be traced as part of experience and knowledge in a wake state. Most of the times, an individual is able to remember having dreamt of the things but cannot recall actual experience or moment of its happenings in the dream. The source of such experience and knowledge in the dream remains elusive and one is tempted to believe in a separate independent activity. The truth is dreams can be mysterious as well as baffling. The same way people wonder what a piece of art means or represents, so is with the process of interpreting dreams. It is quite intriguing what a specific dream means to an individual. Largely, dreams still remain mysterious not only to the dreamer but also to scholars who have dedicated time and resources to study them. In spite of tremendous progress made in the field of science, a lot of ground is yet to be covered. Sigmund Freud has referred to a dream as royal roadà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.to the unconscious. This is a timeless statement that will remain relevant in psychology for a long time. He says that each and every dream is a fulfillment of hidden wishes. This is a theory he held on until he died. The idea that secret wishes are hidden in a dream is a central and very classical Freudian psychoanalysis. Other ideas on dreams exist besides Freudian theory. There are people who believe that dreams contain static or fixed meanings. If you dream about onions, it means hard work.. Others believe that. If you dream about death, death will occur in your family. Some modern scientists claim that dreams are images originating from uneven electrical activities in the human brain as it housecleans itself during sleep. Others who include Freud believe in unconscious relevance of dreams and view them as fulfillment of human wishes. The truth of the matter is, dreams are a valuable hint on how to better human lives. In psychotherapy-dream itself cannot be used. When narrating a dream to another person, dream is put into words. This is an unrealistic representation of images and symbols observed in the dream. Words can only paint a picture on somebody else mind through description. But they cannot completely be an alternative to the object or image seen during the dream. Talking about dream only gives the text of perception about it. Significance of imagery and symbolism in dreams. Since the beginning of time, dreams have been objects of mystery and fascination. A clear and vivid image during sleep seems to originate from sources outside our conscious mind. Every dream seems to be a clear message from the unconscious part of human beings that points to the conscious part and then expressed in a language that needs to be understood. Dreams have been referred to as the loyal path or road to human souls. They are composed of varying elements of human identity .According to Dreyer, On the most superficial level we can look at the dream as a commentary on some or ordinary everyday experience or situation that the dreamer is dealing with. On a deeper level we can explore the dream taking place in the dream with each image and symbol in the dream representing some psychological aspect of the dreamer. The conscious mind is always slow in allowing us to have full recollection of dreams. Since dreams deliver messages to humans in images and symbols, human conscious preconceptions are frequently disturbed and make one to wonder who people are and who they are about. Like a play with sub-plots and plots so is a dream. Numerous actions take place in a dream. Though dreams often exaggerate feelings and images in bizarre and grotesque way, these images and symbols are not to be taken lightly. Comprehending dreams is like exploring a piece of poem or a prose. They open up to a whole world of fantasy and imaginations which reveals to human the various aspects of self that are long kept secret like a hidden treasure awaiting discovery(Nicky,pg 32). Every dream is unique. Possessions and personal experiences of the dreamer are many and are different from one dream to another. Images that are also similar in a dream might possess different meaning for different people. This is because context in which dreams occur, individual experiences and lives are completely different. Rightness or correctness of a particular symbol or image is only known to the dreamer when it comes to interpretation of the dreams. However, there are some universal symbols and images that occur in a dream. Exploring possibilities the images represent can help to deepen and enrich the significance of a dream and open it up to deeper layers of meaning. Things that are dreamed about possess emotions as well as deeper psychological significance. This is more than what might appear apparent if one can consider a dream about a home or a house. You cannot escape from the fact that it may be a setting of a specific house one is aware about. A place one has dwelt in, seen or visited. A strong connection exists between the context of the dream and the reality of the house. What is happens in the mind or in the body in a waking state is invoked in the dream about the house or the home. One might be reminded about his or her experiences when young and living in the house. Feelings of alienation and belonging, harmony and conflict, insecurity and security during our stay there might appear in the dream. The house psychologically becomes an extension of the physical being and identity in the world. Some unfamiliar rooms or places in the house may stand for unexplained sections of potential resident in ones personality. Trying to explore unfamiliar house may indeed turn out to be a representation of somebodys effort or journey to dwell or interrogate further his or her own personality. This may as well have an extended meaning of effort made in exploring the psychological issues that resides in a persons emotional space. When one dreams of going back to a room in a house he or she knew when young, it may stand for a known or familiar situation but possessing different possibilities (Zygmunt, pg 38). Reactions and feelings to inhabitants and the house or its context is important in comprehending the importance or significance of the rooms or the entire house in the dream. This may as well stand for a wish to go back to a time of innocence during childhood or a desire to go on and leave the house by getting on with some unconcluded business in life. A unique view of ourselves as presented to us by dreams is always a factor that cannot be ignored. This more often than not originates from wiser and deeper sections of our psyche. It behaves in a way to moderate and counterbalance our perceptions. Sometimes, dreams comment on a wider worldwide and cultural issues. However it must be constellated within the confines of the entire community and our psyche. Conclusion. In psychology, wish fulfillment means realization of desires through thought process that includes neurotic symptoms, daydreams and dreams. Freudian psychoanalysis observes wish fulfillment as something which happens when superego and ego rejects cravings of the unconscious. This often happen due to guilt and fear as a result of constraints imposed on people by the society and the culture. He observes that origin of dreams is an attempt by the unconscious to deal with inner and outer conflicts that emanate from present or past occurrences. He suggests that bad dream let the brain learn to gain control over emotions resulting from distressing experiences (Sigmund, pg 117). Another scientist by the name Ferenczi observes in his work that dream, when told, may communicate something that is not being said outright. Hartmann on the subject of the dream says dreams may function like psychotherapy, by making connections in a safe place and allowing the dreamer to integrate thoughts that may be dissociated during waking life.. This observations made from Scholars of the authority on the subject do not point to specific danger caused by dreams. It is quite clear human will have to contend with dreams and study around the subject will continue to attract attention.

Ambiguity in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay example -- Young Go

Ambiguity in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚         There is no end to the ambiguity in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†; this essay hopes to explore this problem.    Peter Conn in â€Å"Finding a Voice in an New Nation† makes a statement regarding Hawthorne’s ambiguity:      Almost all of Hawthorne’s finest stories are remote in time or place. The glare of contemporary reality immobillized his imagination. He required shadows and half-light, and he sought a nervous equilibrium in ambiguity. . . . Where traditional allegory was secured in certitude, however, Hawthorne’s allegorical proceedings yield only restlessness and doubt. The stable system of correspondences that tied allegory’s images and ideas together was lodged squarely upon the religious orthodoxy that Hawthorne rejected. In his belated version of the sacramental world, the links binding visible to spirit have become vexed and problematic. . . . The flickering, uncertain revelations offered by the physical world in Hawthorne’s fiction allow simultaneously for confession and concealment, for discovery and disguise. This doubleness generates tensions that can be felt throughout Hawthorne’s work. . . .   (82-84).    R. W. B. Lewis in â€Å"The Return into Rime: Hawthorne† mentions the ambiguity associated with the key imagery in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†:   â€Å"For Hawthorne, the forest was neither the proper home of the admirable Adam, as with Cooper; nor was it the hideout of the malevolent adversary. . . . It was the ambiguous setting of moral choice. . . .† (74-75). Henry James in Hawthorne, when discussing â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† mentions how allegorical Hawthorne is, and how it is not clearly expressed with this author:    The only cases in which ... ... Lang, H.J.. â€Å"How Ambiguous Is Hawthorne.† In Hawthorne – A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by A.N. Kaul. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966.    Lewis, R. W. B. â€Å"The Return into Time: Hawthorne.† In Hawthorne – A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by A.N. Kaul. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966.    Martin, Terence. Nathaniel Hawthorne. New York: Twayne Publishers Inc., 1965.    Melville, Hermann. â€Å"Hawthorne and His Mosses.† In The Norton Anthology: American Literature, edited by Baym et al.   New York: W.W. Norton and Co., 1995.      Ã¢â‚¬Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne.† The Norton Anthology: American Literature, edited by Baym et al.   New York: W.W. Norton and Co., 1995.    Wagenknecht, Edward. Nathaniel Hawthorne – The Man, His Tales and Romances. New York: Continuum Publishing Co., 1989.